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New American Gospel

New American Gospel

New American Gospel, Lamb of God's debut with that name, and third release altogether, was released in 2000, one year after their previously self-titled album, Burn the Priest. It was the first release with Willie Adler on guitar. "Black Label" was released as a single. __NOTOC__

Track listing

# "Black Label" – 4:52 # "A Warning" – 2:23 # "In the Absence of the Sacred" – 4:36 # "Letter to the Unborn" – 2:56 # "The Black Dahlia" – 3:19 # "Terror and Hubris in the House of Frank Pollard" – 5:37 # "The Subtle Arts of Murder and Persuasion" – 4:10 # "Pariah" – 4:24 # "Confessional" – 4:01 # "O.D.H.G.A.B.F.E." – 5:14

Personnel

- John Campbell – bass
- Mark Morton – guitar
- Chris Adler – drums
- Randy Blythe – vocals
- Willie Adler – guitar

Notes

- There is a Japanese version with a bonus track "Nippon".
- Track 10 (O.D.H.G.A.B.F.E.) is an acronym for "Officer Dick Head Gets a Black F
- ing Eye".

External links

- [http://www.darklyrics.com/lyrics/lambofgod/newamericangospel.html New American Gospel lyrics] Category:2000 albums Category:Lamb of God albums

2000

This article is about the year 2000. For other uses of 2000, see 2000 (number) or 2000 (breakdancing move). 2000 (MM) is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Popular culture also holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, however, this distinction falls to the year 2001. This is due to the fact that the first century began with the year 1, and there does not exist a year zero. The first century (or first 100 years AD) was from January 1, in the year one (1 AD) through December 31, in the year one-hundred (100 AD). The second century began on January 1, in the year one-hundred and one (101 AD). The year 2000 is also marked as:
- The International Year for a Culture of Peace.
- The World Mathematical Year. See also Wikipedia's almanac of events for this year.

Events

January

- January 1 - Millennium celebrations take place throughout the world. Y2K passes without the serious, widespread computer failures and malfunctions that had been predicted.
- January 5-January 8 - The 2000 al-Qaida Summit
- January 6 - The last remaining Pyrenean Ibex is found dead.
- January 10 - America On-line announces an agreement to buy Time Warner for $162 billion. This is the largest-ever corporate merger.
- January 11 - the armed wing of Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria.
- January 11 - The trawler Solway Harvester sinks off the Isle of Man.
- January 14 - A United Nations tribunal sentences five Bosnian Croats up to 25 years for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.
- January 16 - In Sacramento, California a commercial truck carrying evaporated milk is driven into the state capitol building killing the driver.
- January 24 - God's Army, Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, take 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.
- January 30 - St. Louis Rams 23 defeat the Tennessee Titans 16 to win the Super_Bowl_XXXIV
- January 30 - Off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169. Within a day, Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean, killing 88.
- January 31 - Dr. Harold Shipman in sentenced to life in prison for murder of at least 15 of his patients out of 365 suspected victims.

February

- February 4 - German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
- February 6 - Tarja Halonen is elected the first Finnish female president.
- February 13 - Final original Peanuts comic strip is published.
- February 14 - The spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker entered orbit around asteroid 433 Eros, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid.

March

- March 1 - The Constitution of Finland is rewritten.
- March 2 - Hans Blix assumes the position of Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC.
- March 8 - Tokyo train disaster.
- March 9 - FBI arrests suspected purveyor of art forgeries, Ely Sakhai, in New York City.
- March 10 - The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5048. ([http://dynamic.nasdaq.com/dynamic/IndexChart.asp?symbol=IXIC&desc=NASDAQ+Composite&sec=nasdaq&site=nasdaq&months=84])
- March 18 - 2000 Taiwanese presidential election: Chen Shui-bian is elected President of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- March 20 - Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, a former Black Panther, is captured after gun battle that left a sheriff's deputy dead.
- March 21 - Pope John Paul II began the first office visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.
- March 21 - US Supreme Court ruled the goverment lacked authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Clinton administration's main anti-smoking initiative.
- March 26 - Presidential elections in Russia: Vladimir Putin elected President.
- March 30 - America's Cup 2000 retained by Team New Zealand near Auckland. Prada Challenge 2000 lost 0-5 in a "best-of-9".

April

April.]]
- April 1 - Japanese prime minister Keizo Obuchi suffers a stroke and falls into a coma.
- April 3 - United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.
- April 5 - Yoshiro Mori replaces Obuchi as prime minister of Japan.
- April 7 - Attack submarine ex-Trepang completes being recycled.
- April 16 - Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, Raja of Perlis dies after a reign of 55 years. He was the longest reigning monarch in the world since the death of Prince Franz Joseph II of Liechtenstein.
- April 17 - Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.
- April 22 - In a predawn raid, federal agents seize six-year old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida and fly him to his Cuban father in Washington, DC ending one of the most publicized custody battles in US history.
- April 25 - The State of Vermont passes HB847, legalizing Civil Unions for same-sex couples.

May

- May 3 - A rare conjunction occurs on the New Moon including all seven of the traditional celestial bodies known from ancient times up until 1781 with the discovery of Uranus. The May 2000 conjunction consisted of: the Sun and Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
- May 3 - Computer pioneer Datapoint Corporation files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
- May 12 - The Tate Modern opens in London.
- May 13 - In Enschede a heavy fireworks explosion kills 20 and leaves an entire neighborhood in ruins.
- May 18 - Boo.com collapses due to lack of funds after six months.
- May 25 - Israel withdraws IDF troops from southern Lebanon after 22 years.
- May 28 - The volcano Mount Cameroon erupts.

June

- June 1 - Mark Mendlan, professional wrestler known by his ring name "Kid Gorgeous," is killed while wrestling at a show in New Hampshire.
- June 7 - U.S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson of the 4th circuit ordered the breakup of Microsoft Corp.
- June 10 - The New Jersey Devils defeat the Dallas Stars 4 games to 2 to win the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals.
- June 10 - The 2000 European Football Championship begins, hosted jointly by Belgium and the Netherlands.
- June 21 - Section 28, a law preventing the promotion of homosexuality is repealed by the Scottish Parliament.
- June 23 - Palace Backpackers Hostel fire in Childers, Queensland, Australia, kills 15 people.
- June 30 - During a set of the band Pearl Jam at the Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen, 9 die and 26 are injured in the crowd.

July

July
- July 2 - France beat Italy 2-1 to win the 2000 European Football Championship with a golden goal.
- July 2 - Presidential election of Mexico. Vicente Fox wins the Presidency as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party).
- July 10 - In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline
- July 10 - Death of Denis O Conor Donn, died 10th July 2000, aged 88; succeded by his son, Desmond as The O Connor Donn
- July 18 - Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party
- July 25 - A Concorde carrying Air France Flight 4590 crashes just after takeoff from Paris killing all 109 aboard and 5 on the ground.

August

- August 1 - The Santa Cruz Operation announced that it will sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, as well as UnixWare and OpenServer technologies, to Caldera Systems,Inc.
- August 8 - Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.
- August 12 - The Russian submarine Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board.
- August 14 - The first comic of Megatokyo goes online. This webcomic will later become one of the most popular comics on the web (in terms of page views) and spawn numerous imitators.
- August 25 - the Emulex hoax - wire services publish fraudulent bad news about Emulex
- August 27 - The Ostankino Tower in Moscow catches fire, three people are killed.

September

- September 5 - Tuvalu joins the United Nations.
- September 6 - In New York City, the United Nations Millennium Summit begins with more than 180 world leaders present.
- September 6 - The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense
- September 7–14 - The UK fuel protests take place, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted.
- September 8 - Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization.
- September 15 - The 2000 Summer Olympics are opened in Sydney, Australia.
- September 16 - Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive; this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death.
- September 24 - The American Family Association begins lobbying the U.S. Congress to eradicate the National Endowment for the Arts for funding the controversial book One of the Guys by Robert Clark Young
- September 26 - Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turned violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.
- September 28 - Ariel Sharon leads several hundred armed Israelis in a visit to the Temple Mount. Palestinian civil disorder increases into the Al-Aqsa Intifada.
- September 29 - The Long Kesh prison in Northern Ireland is closed.

October

- October 2 NBC Today Show expanded it to three hours (7:00–10:00 A.M. Eastern Time/Pacific Time; 6:00–9:00 A.M. Central Time/Mountain Time)
- October 5 - President Slobodan Milošević leaves office after widespread demonstrations throughout Serbia and the withdrawal of Russian support.
- October 11 - 250 million gallons of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky. Considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
- October 12 - In Aden, Yemen, the USS Cole is badly damaged by two suicide bombers who placed a small boat laden with explosives along-side the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.
- October 21 15 Arab leaders convened in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in four years; the Libyan delegation walked out, angry over signs the summit would stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.
- October 22 – Mainichi Shinbun exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud; Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises of his findings.
- October 26 - Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparently ancient mummy of a persian princess in the province of Baluchistan. Iran, Pakistan and the Taliban all claim the mummy until Pakistan announces it is a forgery in April 17 2001
- October 31 - Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment in the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport - 83 dead.
- October 31 - The last Jeremy clone has shut down.

November

November
- November - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq rejects new U.N. Security Council weapons inspections proposals
- November 1 - Yugoslavia's new democratic government joined the United Nations after eight years of U.N. ostracism under former strongman Slobodan Milosevic.
- November 3 - Widespread flooding throughout England and Wales after days of heavy rain
- November 4 - President Clinton vetoed a bill that would have criminalized the leaking of government secrets.
- November 7 - U.S. presidential election, 2000: Republican challenger George W. Bush defeats Democrat Vice President Al Gore, but the final outcome is not known for over a month because of disputed votes in Florida.
- November 7 - Criminal gang raids the Millennium Dome to steal The Millennium Star diamond but police surveillance catches them in the act
- November 7 - Hillary Rodham Clinton is elected to the United States Senate, becoming the first First Lady of the United States to win public office
- November 11 - Kaprun disaster, Austria, where 155 skiers and snowboarders die when a cable car catches fire in an alpine tunnel.
- November 13 - Richard C. Duncan presents his paper, "The Peak Of World Oil Production And The Road To The Olduvai Gorge", on the Olduvai theory (about the collapse of the industrial civilization), at the Summit 2000 Pardee Keynote Symposia of the Geological Society of America)
- November 14 - Netscape version 6.0 is launched following two years of open source development creating a stable Mozilla web browser upon which it is based
- November 16 - Bill Clinton becomes the first sitting US President to visit Vietnam
- November 17 - Catastrophical landslide in Log pod Mangartom,Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of SIT of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophies in Slovenia in the past 100 years.
- November 17 - Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru
- November 27 - Canada - Parliamentary elections - Jean Chrétien re-elected as Prime Minister as Liberal Party increases majority in House of Commons
- November 28 - Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz touches off the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.

December

- December 1 - Mexico - Vicente Fox becomes the first opposition President to take office since Francisco I. Madero in 1911. He wins the Presidency as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party).
- December 28 - U.S. retail giant Montgomery Ward announces it is going out of business after 128 years.
- December 30 - Rizal Day Bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines, within a span of a few hours killing 22 and injuring about a hundred.

Unknown Date

- Limited reintroduction of routinely armed police in the UK for the first time since 1936.
- Scientists at University of Szeged's laboratory were first in the world to produce artificial heredity material.
- Millie I. Webb elected president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving.

Births

- February 23 - Max & Sam Christy, American actors
- March 15- Amy and Emily Walton, English actresses
- April 25 - Jacob & Joshua Rips, American actors
- October 6 - Amanda Pace, American actress
- October 20 - Cooper and Oliver Guynes, American actors
- November 8 - Madison and Marissa Poer, actresses

Deaths

January

- January 2 - Patrick O'Brian, English writer (b. 1914)
- January 15 - Fran Ryan, American actress (b. 1916)
- January 19 - Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1934)
- January 19 - Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (b. 1913)

February

- February 9 - Beau Jack, American boxer (b. 1921)
- February 11 - Roger Vadim, French film director (b. 1928)
- February 12 - Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins, American musician (b. 1929)
- February 12 - Tom Landry, American football coach (b. 1924)
- February 12 - Charles M. Schulz, American comic strip artist (b. 1921)
- February 23 - Sir Stanley Matthews, English footballer (b. 1915)

April

- April 6 - Habib Bourguiba, President of Tunisia (b. 1903)
- April 16 - Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, King of Malaysia (b. 1920)
- April 25 - David Merrick, American stage producer (b. 1911)
- April 29 - Phạm Văn Ðồng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1906)

May

- May 11 - Paula Wessely, Austrian actress (b. 1907)
- May 12 - Adam Petty, American race car driver (b. 1980)
- May 14 - Keizo Obuchi, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1937)
- May 17 - Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1909)
- May 19 - Yevgeny Khrunov, cosmonaut

Burn the Priest (album)

Burn the Priest was Burn the Priest's last album before changing their name to Lamb of God. It was their second full length release, coming out in 1999, only one year after their previous work, Sevens and More. This was Abe Spear's final album on guitar.

Track listing

# Bloodletting - 01:58 # Dimera - 02:26 # Resurrection #9 - 05:07 # Goatfish - 02:21 # Salivation - 02:12 # Lies Of Autumn - 04:48 # Chronic Auditory Hallucination - 03:54 # Suffering Bastard - 01:59 # Buckeye - 03:53 # Lame - 01:51 # Preaching To The Converted - 02:30 # Departure Hymn - 02:39 # Duane - 15:31

Personnel

- Randy Blythe - Vocals
- Abe Spear - Guitar
- Mark Morton - Guitar
- John Campbell - Bass
- Chris Adler - Drums Category:1999 albums Category:Lamb of God albums

Willie Adler

Willie Alder (born 1973) is the guitarist of the thrash metal band Lamb of God. category:1973 births category:heavy metal guitarists category:heavy metal musicians

Bass guitar

:For other uses of the term see Bass (disambiguation). Bass (disambiguation)]] Bass guitar (also called "electric bass guitar," "electric bass," or simply "bass") refers to an electric bass or an electric/acoustic string instrument with a similar appearance to the guitar, but with a larger body, commonly four strings, longer scale neck and tuned an octave lower in pitch than a guitar.

Overview

The instrument is a descendant of the double bass (a cousin of the violin and viola da gamba) and shares design attributes of the electric guitar and features in common with a range of other bass instruments. Electric basses may be fretted or fretless, although fretted basses are more common. The electric bass, in contrast to the upright bass (or double bass), is played while being held horizontally across the body. Unlike the double bass, it is not played with a bow; instead it is usually plucked with the fingers (and sometimes also the thumb) or a plectrum (pick). In electric basses, as with the electric guitar, the vibrations of the instrument's metal strings create electrical signals which are picked up by electromagnetic sensors mounted in the body of the instrument called pickups. The signals are then amplified and played through a speaker. Various electronic components, and the configuration of the amplifier and speaker, can be used to alter the basic sound of the instrument. The electric bass is the standard bass instrument in many musical genres, including country, jazz, many flavors of rock and roll, soul, funk, and modern orchestral music.

Etymology

There is much debate among musicians and fans of the instrument about what to call the instrument. While "bass guitar" (pronounced "base") is a common term others prefer "electric bass guitar," "electric bass," or simply "bass." Many are happy to use the terms interchangeably but some express a strong preference for one or other of them. Fender's early dominance in the market for mass produced bass guitars led to the instrument frequently being called the "Fender bass" although, with the plethora of alternative manufacturers producing similar instruments, this term has fallen out of fashion. Modern bass playing draws on both guitar and double bass for inspiration as well as an increasing vernacular of its own.

History

The necessity for a louder individual bass instrument can be traced back to the 1920's. Jazz combos had double basses accompanying banjos, brass and woodwind sections, pianos, and drums. Simply being heard was hard, and transporting a double bass was harder. The Audiovox Manufacturing Company in Seattle, Washington had an upright solidbody electric bass on the market by February 1935, designed by Paul H. Tutmarc, a musician/teacher/instrument & amplifier maker. Audiovox's sales catalogue of around 1935-6 listed what is probably the world’s first fretted solid body electric bass played horizontally - the Model #736 Electric Bass Fiddle. The change to a "guitar" form and the addition of frets made the instrument much easier (and more precise) to play. The first mass-produced electric bass was developed by innovator and manufacturer Leo Fender in the early 1950s. Fender trained as an accountant and was a self-taught electrical engineer who started repairing radios and built P.A. systems before getting into the electronics and amplification of electric instruments. Ironically, Leo Fender could not even play guitar or bass: by his own admission, "not a note." The Fender Precision Bass was first offered in 1951. Named for the exact intonation a player could achieve with its fretted neck, the Precision Bass was equipped with a single piece, four-pole pickup, and a simple, uncontoured 'slab' body design. In 1954 the body was contoured with beveled edges for comfort. In 1957, the pickup was changed to a single "split pickup" (staggered) design. The pickguard also underwent a radical change, as did the headstock. This 1957 design has remained as the standard electric bass, and is still widely available. Another industry standard, the similar, but more highly-engineered Fender Jazz Bass, was introduced in 1960. These designs have become so ubiquitous that pickups based on the ones found on the Precision and Jazz basses are often referred to as "P" or "J", respectively. (Fender also produced a six-string bass, the Fender VI, in the 1960s.) Following Fender's lead, other companies such as Gibson, Danelectro, and many others started to produce their own version of the electric bass. Some, like the Rickenbacker 4000 series, became identified with a particular style of music. Rickenbackers were pioneered by John Entwistle, Chris Squire, Geddy Lee, and other progressive rock bassists. In 1971 Alembic established the template for what would subsequently be known as "high end" electric bass. Key design elements included active electronics, premium woods, and multi-laminate neck-through-body construction. Other innovations by Alembic included the world’s first graphite neck bass and the first production 5 string bass with a low B string - both in 1976. The first low B string on a bass appeared in 1975, when Fodera collaborated with Anthony Jackson to create a new six-string electric bass. Early uses of the instrument saw bassists doubling the double bass part or replacing that instrument entirely with their new, more portable and easily amplified alternative. The upright double bass became functionally obsolete for a while in many kinds of popular music, allowing bassists to move further up front in the band mix, both visually and audibly. However, the improvement in pickups and amplifier designs for electro-acoustic horizontal and upright basses as well as the trend for "unplugged" performances has led to a revival in interest in the upright bass and the increase in choices for acoustic-electric basses. Innovations and refinements continue through to the present day.

Design considerations

The classic 4-string Fender bass designs remain popular choices. In some musical settings departing from these de facto standards is discouraged. General open-mindedness toward new technologies and musical instrument design as well as appreciation of fine lutherie by bassists has given the modern bass player a wide range of choices when choosing an instrument. Design options include:

Body

Bodies are typically made of wood although other materials such as graphite (for example, some of the Steinberger designs) have also been used. A wide variety of woods are suitable - the most common include alder, mahogany and ash. The choice of body material and shape can have a significant impact on the timbre of the completed instrument as well as aesthetic considerations. Other design considerations include:
- A wide range of colored or clear lacquer, wax and oil finishes exploiting the amazing variety of natural wood forms
- Various flat and carved industrial designs for different types of both traditional and exotic woods, large percentage of luthier-produced unique instruments (affecting weight, balance and aesthetics)
- Headed and headless (with tuning done at the bridge) designs
- Several artificial materials developed especially for instrument building, most notable being luthite
- Unique production techniques for artificial materials, including die-casting for cost-effective complex body shapes One further variable is the solidity of the body. Most basses have solid bodies but variations include chambers for increased resonance or to reduce weight. Basses are also built with entirely hollow bodies. Many of these have enough volume for unamplified performance and are discussed in the article on acoustic bass guitars.

Number of strings (and tuning)

acoustic bass guitar Leo Fender's classic design had four strings, tuned E, A, D, G (with the fundamental frequency of the E string set at 41.3 Hz). Modern variants include:
- Five strings (normally B, E, A, D, G but sometimes E, A, D, G, C)
- Six strings (B, E, A, D, G, C or B, E, A, D, G, B—although E, A, D, G, B, E has also been used). Basses with seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven and even twelve (untripled) strings are also available (see also extended-range bass.
- Double and triple courses of strings (eg, an 8-string bass would be strung Ee, Aa, Dd, Gg while a 12 string bass might be Eee Aaa Ddd Ggg, with standard pitch strings augmented by two strings an octave higher)
- Tenor bass: A, D, G, C
- Piccolo bass: e, a, d, g (an octave higher than standard bass tuning—same as the bottom four strings of a guitar)
- Sub Contra bass : C#, F#, B, E (C# being at 18 hz and the E string being the same as the E string found on standard basses)
- Detuners, commonly called Hipshots, allow one or more strings to be easily adjusted while playing (most commonly used to give the option of dropping the E string down to D on a four string bass). This type of tuning peg is descended from the Scruggs peg, used on banjos.

Pickups

banjo The earliest basses had a single coil, but later split coil magnetic pickup. Modern choices include:
- Active or passive electronics (active circuits use a battery (usually a 9V PP3) to boost the signal and/or provide active equalization)
- Magnetic pickup type (single coil, split coil, dual coil "humbucker", triple coil "humbucker") Pickup type:
- "P-" pickups (name taken from the original Fender Precision) are actually two distinct single-coil halves, wired in opposite direction to reduce hum, each offset a small amount along the length of the body so that each half is underneath two strings.
- "J-" pickups (name taken from the original Fender Jazz) are wider single-coil pickups which lie underneath all four strings.
- Soapbar pickups, found, for example, in MusicMan basses, are the same width as a J pickup, but about twice as tall (much like an electric guitar's humbucker). The name comes from the rectangular shape being similar to a bar of soap.
- Non-magnetic systems, eg. piezos or the innovative new optical systems (by Lightwave Systems) allowing the bassist to use non-metallic strings
- Pickup configuration. Many inexpensive basses (as well as older/vintage basses) have just one pickup (typically a "P" or "J"), but multiple pickups are also quite common, the two most common configurations being a P near the neck and a J near the bridge (e.g. Fender Precision Deluxe), or two J pickups (e.g. Fender Jazz). For single pickup systems, the placement of the pickup greatly affects the sound, with a pickup near the neck joint thought to sound "fatter" or "warmer" while a pickup near the bridge is thought to sound "tighter" or "sharper."

Frets

The majority of basses use frets to break the fingerboard into semitone divisions, although fretless basses are also widely available. The original Fender basses had 20 frets but some modern basses have 24 or more frets covering a range of two or more octaves per string. There are also further variations on the theme of frets. Some fretless basses have 'fret lines' inlaid in the fingerboard either because they have been converted from fretted necks or as an aid to intonation. Some fretted basses feature a "zero fret" on the fingerboard just in front of the nut, which is alleged to offer tonal and setup advantages. Some fretted basses have scalloped fret boards for easier string bending. In addition to frets, many basses have further markers inlaid into the neck as a guide to position. A typical arrangement would be single dots below the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th frets and double dots at the 12th fret, all repeated at the equivalent positions an octave higher. However, there are many variations, including decorative shapes, large blocks and small dots on the side of the neck.

Playing styles

Sitting or standing

Most bass players stand while playing, although in some orchestral type bands the player prefers to sit. It is a matter of opinion as to which position gives the greatest ease of playing. When sitting the instrument is balances on the right thigh and so there is no discomfort on the left shoulder due to the weight of the instrument. When standing, the nut or first fret is usually farther away from the body centre line making low positions need more left arm movement.

Plectra vs. fingers or thumb

Most bassists prefer to pluck the instrument's strings with the fingers but some also use plectra (often called picks). Picks also come in many shapes, sizes and thickness. This often varies according to the musical genre—very few funk bassists use plectrums, while they are almost a necessity for punk rock. Using a plectrum typically gives the bass a brighter, more punchy sound, whilst playing with fingers makes the sound more soft and round. Some bassists use their fingernails flamenco-style to provide some compromise between playing fingerstyle and using a pick. Bassists trying to emulate the sound of a double bass will often pluck the strings with their thumb, and use their fingers to anchor their hand. James Jamerson, one of the most influential bassists ever, was well-known for his work in many popular Motown songs and is widely considered one of the greatest, most musical bassists of all time. Jamerson played the bass with only his index finger (which gained him the nickname "The Hook") but created intricate bass lines that have proven challenging even for modern bassists using the more usual two-fingered (typically index and middle) technique.

Right hand support and position

Variations in style also occur in where a bassist rests his right-hand thumb. A player may rest his thumb on the top edge of one of the pickups. One may also rest his thumb on the side of the fretboard, which is especially common among bassist who have an upright bass influence. Also, bassists with more than 4 string basses may utilize a low string which isn't often used as a thumb rest. By resting their thumb to anchor their hand while they use their index and middle fingers, bassists create a fuller and louder sound. Early Fender models also came with a "thumbrest" attached to the pickguard, below the strings. Contrary to its name, this was not used to rest the thumb, but to rest the fingers while using the thumb to pluck the strings. The thumbrest was moved above the strings in 70's models, and eliminated entirely in the 80's.

Striking or plucking position

Bassists also have different preferences as to where on the string they pluck the notes. While the influential bassist Jaco Pastorius and many with him preferred to pluck them very close to the bridge for a bright and sharp sound, many prefer the rounder sound they get by plucking closer to the neck, mostly near the neck pickup. Geezer Butler, among others, plucks the strings over the higher frets. Adding to the many choices is a decision for a bass player to use a fretted or fretless instrument. Fretless basses are known for the smoothness of glissando and similarity in tone to the double bass, but require precise fingering. Jaco Pastorius was one of the players to bring the fretless bass into the spotlight, having created the instrument (which was at that time unavailable on the market) himself by physically pulling the frets out of a fretted bass. Fretted basses are still a much more common choice although some bassists own both types of instrument.

'Slap and pop' and related techniques

The famous slap and pop method, in which notes and percussive sounds are created by slapping the string with the thumb and release strings with a snap, was pioneered by Larry Graham of Sly and the Family Stone in the 1960s and early 1970s. In the 1970s Stanley Clarke developed Graham's technique further, adding the popping and speed that are a hallmark of contemporary playing. Today, Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers exemplifies slap and pop with a foundation in funk, and Les Claypool of Primus is known for playing extremely complex slap and pop basslines. An even more recent development is the two-handed tapping style, where both hands play notes by tapping the string to the fret. This makes it possible to play contrapuntally, or to play complicated chords and arpeggios. Since this gives the bass a wide audio spectral range and a brighter sound, it is mostly used by bass players who act as the lead in their music. Notable examples are Stuart Hamm, whose music is metal-oriented, as well as Victor Wooten and Michael Manring, who have a more jazzy/new age style. Tony Levin, the longtime bassist for King Crimson and Peter Gabriel, pioneered the use of two wooden dowels (called "funk fingers"), which are affixed with velcro to the index and middle finger of the right hand and used to strike the strings of the bass, producing a percussive attack and timbre similar to the "slap and pop" style.

Amplification and effects

An electric bass must be amplified to be audible in a live setting. The choice of amplification will have a significant impact on the bassist's overall sound. timbre Bass amplifiers may be categorised as either:
- combo units - the amplifier and speaker combined in a single unit; or
- head and speaker (or "cabinet") - amplifier and speaker are separate. Head units may, in turn, be either:
- integrated units, in which the preamplifier and power amplifier are combined in a single unit; or
- separate pre/power setups, in which one or more preamplifiers are used to drive one or more power amplifiers. Amplifiers may be based on solid state (transistor) or thermionic ("tube" or "valve") technology. Tube amps are generally regarded as giving a warmer, more natural sound while solid state amps are lighter and lower maintenance, but this is an area of much debate. A common setup is the use of a tube preamplifier with a solid state power amplifier. There are also an increasing range of products that use digital modelling technology to simulate many different combinations of amp and cabinet choices.

Loudspeakers

The requirement to reproduce low frequencies at high sound pressure levels means that most loudspeakers used for bass guitar amplification are designed around large diameter drivers, with 10", 12" and 15" being most common. Some speakers are 18" or larger, while there are also commercially available systems using drivers of 8" or smaller. The speakers are built into speaker cabinets, which contain one or more driver. The sound of these cabinets is influenced not only by the choice of driver but also their construction. Bass speaker cabinets are either sealed or ported with openings designed to elicit a specific frequency response. Speaker cabinets are largely designed around a single type of driver (common examples are 1x15, 1x12 and 2x10 or 4x10). Many players stack two (or more) cabinets containing different size drivers to obtain a particular sound. It is also common for high frequency "tweeters" to be included. These extended range designs were initially developed in the late 1970s in response to the better quality pickups and electronics being built by Alembic and other high-end manufacturers and to better reproduce the more percussive bass playing styles that were becoming popular at the time. Surveying the sites of the manufacturers mentioned below will give a good indication of the range of speaker cabinets currently available.

Amplification manufacturers

The 18 watt 1 x 12" Michael-Bell Bassamp, a closed-back amp designed specifically for upright bass, kicked off the modern era of bass amplification in the late 1940's. The upright basses were fitted with an Ampeg (short for "amplified peg") described in the 1946 patent application as a "sound amplifying means for stringed musical instruments of the violin family." In 1949, after the Michael-Hull company break-up, the Ampeg Bassamp Company was founded by Everett Hull in New York. Other well known manufacturers of bass amplifiers or loudspeakers include: Accugroove loudpeakers, Acme loudpeakers, Acoustic, Aguilar, Alembic (preamps and filters), Crate, Fender, Gallien-Krueger, Hartke, SWR, Marshall, Orange, Trace Elliot, Peavey and Ampeg.

Effects

Due to the particular role the bass plays in modern music, effects are not commonly used compared to the electric guitar, where the use of effects is the norm. Consequently, there is a much smaller variety of bass-specific effects available. Of these, "chorus" and "compression" are the most widely used effects for bass. "Wah-wah" and "synth" bass effects are also commonly associated with funk music. Some bands have experimented with "fuzz bass" where the bass is distorted either by overdriving the amp or by using a distortion unit; heavy distortion is typical of many metal bass players. Although many of these effects sound similar to guitar effects, players often use specialized bass effects units, which are adapted to work with the lower frequency range of the bass.

Musical role of the bass guitar

Another variable is the differing role of the bass within different types of music, and the position in the music that bassist prefers to occupy. Paul McCartney of the Beatles tends to favor a subdued, melodic approach a little further back in the mix. Progressive rock bassists have been revolutionary by making the instrument a more important and recognizable voice in their respective bands, a trend that caught on in many bands that have followed them. John Entwistle of The Who and Jack Bruce of Cream introduced a more aggressive styles with the former's trademark trebly tone and the latter's very smooth tone. Chris Squire of Yes took the instrument one step further in the early 1970s, combining McCartney's melodicism with Entwistle's energy and employing an aggressive, overdriven tone that expanded even further the bass's role as rhythmic and harmonic foundation. Geddy Lee of Rush has been experimenting with bass chords, layered bass lines, and flamenco-style fingerpicking in the group's recent recordings. Outside of the rock genre, Jazz-funk bassist Jaco Pastorius evolved bass playing to a new extreme in the band Weather Report and in his own solo work. Jaco then inspired bassists such as Victor Wooten, Steve Bailey and Stu Hamm, who have taken the bass' role in music to a new extreme with the addition of many new techniques on the bass, such as "Double Thumping" and the development of techniques such as tapping. Other bassists that have moved the bass forward as an instrument include Les Claypool and Marcus Miller.

Influential bassists

There is an extensive list of bass guitarists linking to articles about many famous and influential bassists.

Influential manufacturers

The following manufacturers are among those that have produced widely regarded basses:
- Alembic
- Benavente Guitars[http://www.benaventeguitars.com/]
- Carl Thompson
- Danelectro
- Eshenbaugh Guitars
- F Bass [http://www.fbass.com/]
- Fender
- Fodera
- Framus (now owned by Warwick)
- G&L
- Hanewinckel Guitars [http://www.fodera.com/]
- Hamer Guitars (known for 12 string bass guitars)
- Höfner
- Ibanez
- Ken Smith
- Martin
- Marleaux Bass Guitars
- Modulus Guitars [http://www.modulusguitars.com/v2/]
- MTD (Michael Tobias Design) [http://www.mtdbass.com]
- Music Man, an offshoot of Ernie Ball
- Peavey Guitars
- Pedulla [http://www.pedulla.com/]
- Rickenbacker
- Sadowsky
- Spector
- Steinberger (known for headless instruments)
- Tobias (now owned by Gibson) [http://www.gibson.com/products/tobias/]
- Wal
- Warwick
- Yamaha
- Zon Guitars

External links

- [http://www.platinumtabs.com Guitar Tabs] has some cool bass tabs available for free use, easy way to learn how to play.
- The history of guitar-like instruments from 1900 B.C. through modern times is summarized at [http://www.classicalguitarmidi.com/history/guitar_history.html Classical Guitar Illustrated History]
- [http://www.basstopia.com/ Basstopia] - features bass news, a bass tab search, and other resources for bassists.
- [http://www.talkbass.com/ Talkbass] - extensive resources for bass players, including player interviews, equipment reviews and arguably the largest bass-oriented online forum.
- [http://www.angelfire.com/id/bass/ The Bass Guitar Scale Page] - has free lessons on standard and exotic bass scales.
- [http://www.mxtabs.net Mxtabs.net] - lots of bass, guitar, and even drum tabs
- [http://www.basscrawler.org/ The Bass Tablature Search Engine] - includes bass magazine, lessons
- [http://www.ultimate-guitar.com Ultimate Guitar] - Massive database of tabs, lessons, and articles.
- [http://www.activebass.com/ ActiveBass] - An online bass community featuring interactive lessons.
- [http://www.jimleemusic.com JimLeeMusic.com] Downloads for bass guitar.
- [http://www.rocknrollvintage.com Site with vintage guitar photo galleries including bass guitars] - Bass Guitar photos.

Drum kit

A drum kit (or drum set or trap set - the latter an old-fashioned term) is a collection of drums, cymbals and other percussion instruments arranged for convenient playing by a sole percussionist (drummer), usually for jazz, rock, or other types of contemporary music.

History

Such a kit has been an integral part of most popular music since the jazz of the 1920s, until the arrival of synthesized and sequenced percussion (such as drum machines) replaced drums in some electronic music. Companies such as Simmons (in the 1980s). The oldest active drum company is Sonor Drums from Germany. drum machine, high tom-tom, ride cymbal, snare drum, floor tom-tom and bass drum.]] Developed primarily in the United States, early drum kits were known as trap kits (short for contraption) and usually consisted of a bass drum, a snare drum on a stand, a small cymbal and other small percussion instruments mounted on the bass drum or a small table, all played with drum sticks or brushes except for the bass drum. The bass drum was sometimes kicked to produce a sound, and is occasionally still called a kick drum, though bass drums are now nearly always pedal-operated, and sometimes even played with two pedals to allow for greater speed. Trap set survives in the term trap case still given to a case used by a kit drummer (or any percussionist) to transport stands, pedals, sticks, and miscellaneous percussion instruments other than drums and cymbals.

Hi-hat history

The high hat started out life in Dixieland drumming and was called a "snowshoe cymbal beater", and was operated in a similar way as it is today. At the same time another drum company was developing a similar product called a "low boy", at at lower position compared with a modern hihat. This then developed into the hihat as we know it today, with the introduction of many different branded products from companies (such as Gretsch and Ludwig). brush

Modern kits

The exact collection of components to a drum kit varies greatly according to musical style, personal preference, financial and transportation resources of the drummer. At a minimum a kit usually contains a bass drum sitting on the floor and played with a pedal, a snare drum on a stand, two or three tom-toms, some of which are mounted on top of the bass drum and the largest typically free-standing alongside it (on the floor - hence the word "floor tom"), a hi-hat (sometimes known as a 'sock' cymbal) comprising two small cymbals played by means of pedal with the left foot, a ride cymbal and a crash cymbal arranged on stands on the right and left.

Playing position

The drummer generally sits with the snare drum between the legs, the left foot on the hi-hat pedal and the right foot on the bass pedal. A left-handed drummer will usually have the drumset horizontally inverted. The drummer will usually play with sticks, but may also use brushes, mallets, hands, or any of a variety of "multi-rod" sticks.

Kit additions and variations

Some drummers may add a second bass drum (played by the left foot), additional toms, more cymbals, tambourines, woodblocks, cowbells, electronic pads that trigger sampled sounds, or any of a whole galaxy of accessory instruments. Some drummers, such as Billy Cobham, Neil Peart, Terry Bozzio, Keith Moon and Mike Portnoy have gone to extreme lengths and built massive kits including features such as ranges of tuned tom-toms, allowing them to contribute melodically as well as rhythmically. These huge kits reached their zenith in the arena rock of the 1980s, and the trend since then has been towards a smaller instrument.

Electronic drums

Yamaha, Roland and many others have created electronic drum sets which use pads or triggers (mounted on acoustic drums) to play sampled or synthesized sounds (see DTX). The trend in electronics since the late 1980s has been away from overtly electronic sounds and more towards an intensified acoustic sound.

External links

- [http://www.drummerworld.com/Videos/Neilpeartkit.html Drum Kit] Quicktime panorama view
- [http://www.drumsdatabase.com Drum Database]- Very large database for drum lessons.
- [http://www.drumlinks.com DrumLinks.com]- Hundreds of links to drumming sites.
- [http://www.drummeressentials.com DrummerEssentials.com]- Free 45+ Page Drum eBook
- [http://www.drumtips.com DrumTips.com]- Over 500 drum tips. Includes submissions.
- [http://www.drumscore.com/ Drum Score - High Quality Drum Kit Scores]
- [http://www.onehandedroll.com One Handed Drum Roll]- Advanced method for one handed drum speed.
- [http://www.tabhall.co.uk/ Tab Hall - Drum Music]
- [http://www.nicedrums.com/forum/index.php Nice Drums - Drum Forum]
- [http://www.heeltoetechnique.com Heel-Toe Technique]- Advanced bass drum technique for speed and [control.
- [http://www.drummerworld.com Drummerworld] - Large directory of drummers with videos, pictures and sound files
- [http://www.fretland.com/howtosetupdr.html Assemble a Drumset] - How to Set Up a Drumset
- [http://www.pearldrum.com Pearl (drum manufacturer)]
- [http://www.porkpiedrums.com Pork Pie Percussion (drum manufacturer)]
- [http://www.yamaha.com/yamahavgn/CDA/Catalog/DrumsHome/0,6869,CTID%253D560000%2526CNTYP%253DPRODUCT,00.html Yamaha (drum manufacturer)]
- [http://www.gretschdrums.com/ Gretsch (drum manufacturer)]
- [http://www.sonor.com/ Sonor (drum manufacturer)]
- [http://www.tama.com/ Tama (drum manufacturer)]
- [http://www.dwdrums.com/ Drum Workshop (drum manufacturer)]
- [http://www.firchie.com Firchie snare drums - Roto tunable]
- [http://www.zildjian.com/ Zildjian (cymbal manufacturer)]
- [http://www.meinlcymbals.com/ Meinl (cymbal manufacturer)]
- [http://www.paiste.com/ Paiste (cymbal manufacturer)]
- [http://www.sabian.com/ Sabian (cymbal manufacturer)]
- [http://www.pearldrummersforu]m.com Pearl Drummer's Forum] - Includes tips, lessons, and an open chat. Run by Pearl but free for anybody and any brand.
- [http://p2.forumforfree.com/nesdude.html NES_Dude's Drumming Forum] - Drumming forum for all types of drumming
- [http://www.thedrumforum.com The Drum Forum] - Friendly forum dedicated to drums, with a lounge-type atmosphere.
- [http://www.drumtechniques.com Drum Lesson Videos] - Downloadable instructional drum video lessons.
- [http://www.drumforum.org Indianapolis Drum Forum] - A drum forum based in Indianapolis, IN, but with members all over the world. Members have yearly regional get-togethers and a mature forum environment. Category:Percussion instruments ja:ドラムセット

Category:2000 albums

Articles about albums released in the year 2000. See also 2000 in music. Category:Albums by year Albums category:2000s albums

Medisch

Geneeskunde is een vakgebied dat zich richt op het functioneren van de cel, van weefsel, van organen en orgaansystemen en de invloed die ziektes of afwijkingen hierin hebben op het menselijk functioneren, zowel fysiek als psychisch. In de geneeskunde wordt gestreefd naar het herstellen van de gezonde toestand, het verzachten van symptomen of het voorkomen (preventie) van (ergere) pathologie. Mensen die zich bekwaamd hebben in dit vakgebied worden arts of geneesheer genoemd. De kennis van de Westerse of moderne geneeskunde wordt tegenwoordig verworven volgens natuurwetenschappelijke methoden van onderzoek. Dit noemt men wel evidence based medicine. Met andere woorden: geneeskunde dient gebaseerd te zijn op bewijs. Dit wil zeggen dat er gezocht wordt naar een logisch verband tussen oorzaak en gevolg, dat de onderzoeken door iedereen identiek moeten kunnen herhaald worden met identieke resultaten in identieke omstandigheden. Het behandelen gebeurt met bewezen werkzame therapie (ook weer evidence based). Deze therapie kan onder andere toediening van geneesmiddelen, heelkunde (chirurgie), bestraling of psychotherapie inhouden. Alternatieve geneeswijzen zijn meestal niet evidence based - als ze dat wel waren, waren het al gauw geen 'alternatieve' geneeswijzen meer (zie verder).

Ziekten

Alle ziektebeelden binnen de geneeskunde worden mondiaal vervat in de ICD-10. Dit is een uitgave van de WHO waarin alle mogelijke diagnosen zijn geclassificeerd in geordend systeem. Het systeem is aanvankelijk ontstaan als een classificatie van doodsoorzaken. Iedere mogelijke ziekte kan worden ondergebracht in minstens een van de volgende categorieën:
- infectieuze ziekten (bijvoorbeeld tuberculose of AIDS)
- neoplasmata (nieuwvormingen, dus benigne of maligne tumoren)
- ziekten van het bloed, de bloedvormende organen (beenmerg) en het immuunsysteem (anemie, leukemie of sarcoïdose)
- endocriene ziekten, voedings-gerelateerde ziekten en stofwisselingsziekten (bijvoorbeeld diabetes mellitus, ondervoeding of albinisme)
- psychische ziekten en gedragsstoornissen (bijvoorbeeld depressie of ADHD)
- ziekten van het zenuwstelsel (bijvoorbeeld multiple sclerose of de ziekte van Huntington)
- ziekten van het oog (bijvoorbeeld glaucoom of staar)
- ziekten van het oor en het evenwichtsorgaan (bijvoorbeeld middenoorontsteking of de ziekte van Ménière)
- ziekten van het hart en het vaatstelsel (bijvoorbeeld hartinfarct of spataderen)
- ziekten van het ademhalingsstelsel (bijvoorbeeld COPD of longontsteking)
- ziekten van het spijsverteringskanaal (bijvoorbeeld maagzweer of galstenen)
- ziekten van de huid en het onderhuidse weefsel (bijvoorbeeld psoriasis of doorligplekken)
- ziekten van de spieren, de botten en het bindweefsel (bijvoorbeeld zweepslag, osteoporose, of SLE)
- ziekten van het urinewegsysteem en de geslachtsorganen (bijvoorbeeld blaasontsteking of geslachtsziekten)
- ziekten van de zwangerschap, de geboorte en het kraambed (bijvoorbeeld HELLP-syndroom, zwangerschapsvergiftiging, schouderdistocie of kraamvrouwenkoorts)
- ziekten van de pasgeborene (bijvoorbeeld hyperbilirubinemie)
- aangeboren misvormingen, aangeboren afwijkingen en chromosoomafwijkingen (bijvoorbeeld spina bifida, klompvoetje of Down-syndroom)
- klachten, symptomen, laboratoriumafwijkingen en klinische afwijkingen, niet anders gespecificeerd (bijvoorbeeld onbegrepen koorts of hoofdpijn)
- letsel, vergiftigingen of andere gevolgen van externe oorzaken (bijvoorbeeld onderkoeling, koolstofmonoxidevergiftiging of caissonziekte)
- externe oorzaken van overlijden en permanente schade (bijvoorbeeld auto-ongelukken of automutilatie of medische complicaties)
- factoren die de gezondheid beïnvloeden (bijvoorbeeld contact met infecties)
- nieuwe ziekten, nog niet anders gespecificeerd (bijvoorbeeld SARS) (bron: http://www3.who.int/icd/vol1htm2003/fr-icd.htm)

Specialismen

Binnen de moderne geneeskunde bestaan er meer dan 700 specialismen, waarvan er in Nederland een 20- of dertigtal gangbaar zijn, die zich onder andere kunnen bezighouden met een specifiek orgaan (bijvoorbeeld oogheelkunde), orgaansysteem (bijvoorbeeld gastro-enterologie) of met systemische ziekten (bijvoorbeeld reumatologie). Zij kunnen zich ook toespitsen op een bepaalde levensfase (bijvoorbeeld neonatologie, geriatrie, op de gevolgen van niet te genezen aandoeningen (bijvoorbeeld revalidatiegeneeskunde) of op een aspect van het menselijk gedrag (bijvoorbeeld seksualiteit). Tenslotte zijn er specialismen die zich bezighouden met laboratoriumonderzoek voor de diagnostiek en de behandeling zoals medische microbiologie, klinische chemie en pathologie (pathologische anatomie). Er zijn 3 hoofdgroepen: de huisarts en verpleeghuis arts, de medische specialisten en de sociaal geneeskundigen. Anesthesiologie – Arbeidsgeneeskunde of Bedrijfsgeneeskunde – Cardiologie – Chirurgie – Dermatologie – Endocrinologie – Epidemiologie – Foniatrie - Gastro-Enterologie – Gerontologie (geriatrie) – Gynaecologie (verloskunde en vrouwenziekten) – Handchirurgie - Heelkunde – Hematologie – Huisartsgeneeskunde – Immunologie – Interne geneeskunde – Neus-, keel-, en oorheelkunde – Klinische chemie – Kindergeneeskunde – Medische genetica – Medische microbiologie – Mondheelkunde - Neonatologie – Neurologie – Neurochirurgie - Nucleaire geneeskunde – Oncologie – Oogheelkunde – Orthopedie – Pathologie – Pediatrie – Plastische en Reconstructieve Chirurgie - Psychiatrie – Radiologie – Radiotherapie – Reumatologie – Revalidatiegeneeskunde - Seksuologie – Spoedeisende geneeskunde – Sportgeneeskunde – Tandheelkunde – Traumatologie – Tropische geneeskunde – Urologie – Verpleeghuisgeneeskunde– Verzekeringsgeneeskunde–

Geschiedenis van de geneeskunde

- Hippocrates en de Eed van Hippocrates
- Claudius Galenus
- Andreas Vesalius
- Ambroise Paré
- William Harvey
- Giovanni Morgagni
- John Hunter
- Rudolf Virchow
- Lijst van beroemde artsen

Geneesmiddelen

Geneesmiddelen of medicijnen (farmaca) zijn chemische verbindingen die op levende cellen inwerken en die gebruikt worden in de therapie, de preventie en de diagnostiek. Geneesmiddelen kunnen synthetisch (bv. paracetamol) of natuurlijk zijn. Natuurlijke geneesmiddelen worden bereid uit grondstoffen afkomstig van planten (bv. morfine) of schimmels (bv. penicillines). Daarnaast bestaan er homeopatische en fytotherapeutische middelen. In Nederland en in vele andere landen mogen veel medicijnen, vooral sterk werkzame of potentieel gevaarlijke, alleen door een arts worden voorgeschreven. Een tweede categorie geneesmiddelen kan vrij (zonder recept van een arts) in een apotheek worden gekocht en een derde soort kan ook bij de drogist en de supermarkt worden aangeschaft. Welke medicijnen in welke categorie vallen, wordt bij wet bepaald en kan per land enigszins verschillen. Voor meer informatie: zie geneesmiddelen.

Medicijnverstrekking

Farmacie, Farmaceutica, Farmaceutische industrie
Apotheek, Receptuur
Hulp bij afkicken: Methadonbus

Alternatieve geneeswijzen

acupunctuur - acupressuur - aromatherapie - bowen therapie - chiropraxie - fytotherapie - haptonomie - homeopathie - hypnotherapie - orthomoleculaire therapie - paranormale geneeswijzen - reiki - reïncarnatietherapie - shiatsu - yoga - Tibetaanse geneeskunde Zie voor meer informatie: Alternatieve geneeswijze Verwante onderwerpen: Verband tussen armoede en gezondheid

Zie ook

- Gezondheid van A tot Z
- Farmacie
- Geneesmiddel
- Gezondheidszorg
- Ziekte
- Ziektebeelden
- Medische begrippen: Incidentie – Prevalentie – Epidemie – Fout-negatief – Teratogeen – Opportunistische infectie – Vaccin – Placebo – Syndroom

Links

- [http://home.planet.nl/~hend2438/MOTW/index.htm Medicine on the Web] links naar diverse specialismen
- http://www.medinet.be/
- [http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ ICD-10]Geschiedenis en uitleg over de ICD-10 (Engelstalig) Categorie:Geneeskunde fiu-vro:Arstitiidüs als:Medizin ja:医学 ko:의학 simple:Medicine th:แพทยศาสตร์ zh-min-nan:I-ha̍k

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